GoldofBengal (talk | contribs) |
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Tutorial de Low-tech Lab | Categories : Energy
Ce tutoriel présente les étapes de fabrication d'un pédalier générateur d'électricité, conçu et fabriqué dans le cadre du projet expérimental "Biosphère, capsule en milieu aride" porté par Corentin de Chatelperron et Caroline Pultz du Low-tech Lab. Ce pédalier permet à la fois d'alimenter directement des équipements électroniques ou de stocker l'énergie dans une batterie pour répondre à une partie des besoins énergétiques identifiés dans cet habitat autonome expérimenté. Dans le but de varier les sollicitations musculaires, nous avons prévu 3 modes d’utilisation : mannelier, vélo et rameur. La dernière partie du tutoriel est dédiée aux retours d'expérience du binome ayant utilisé ce système low-tech durant les 4 mois d'expérimentation.
Ce tutoriel présente les étapes de fabrication d'un pédalier générateur d'électricité, conçu et fabriqué dans le cadre du projet expérimental "Biosphère, capsule en milieu aride" porté par Corentin de Chatelperron et Caroline Pultz du Low-tech Lab. Ce pédalier permet à la fois d'alimenter directement des équipements électroniques ou de stocker l'énergie dans une batterie pour répondre à une partie des besoins énergétiques identifiés dans cet habitat autonome expérimenté. Dans le but de varier les sollicitations musculaires, nous avons prévu 3 modes d’utilisation : mannelier, vélo et rameur. La dernière partie du tutoriel est dédiée aux retours d'expérience du binome ayant utilisé ce système low-tech durant les 4 mois d'expérimentation.
Contexte
Après une dizaine d’années d'exploration, en quête de nouveaux et épanouissants modes de vie, l'une des ambitions du Low-tech Lab est de proposer un autre scénario du futur où la low-tech est vecteur d’émancipation, de convivialité et d’épanouissement. En ce sens, le projet Biosphère se veut être un démonstrateur d’une vie prospective, spécifique à un contexte bien précis et abritant un écosystème vivant produisant suffisamment de nourriture, d'eau et d'énergie pour subvenir aux besoins identifiés sur une période de 4 mois. La permière Biosphère expérimentée en Thaïlande par Corentin a permis de dimmensioner la nouvelle base de vie adaptée cette fois-ci au milieu aride. Sous cette chrysalide faite de bois et de tissu bio-sourcé, l'élevage de mouches soldats noires et de grillons, la culture de spiruline et de champignons et le système d’hyroponie partagent l’espace avec des solutions pour désaliniser l’eau ou chauffer les aliments à l’aide de l’énergie solaire ou musculaire.
Le pédalier a été conçu et fabriqué pour répondre aux besoins énergétiques de l'habitat
Démarche
Avant de débuter le dimmensionnement d'un système, il est important de questionner ses besoins et d'identifier les moyens peu impactants pour les satisfaire. Ce travail, effectué pour chacun des systèmes low-tech composant la Biosphère, a permis de privilégier l'utilisation d'un panneau solaire de 30W pour les journées ensoleillées et un pédalier générateur en "back-up" ou par temps nuageux. Vous pourrez retouver les détails de la démarche en début de tutoriel.
En partant de ces besoins, le tutoriel présente ensuite la conception du pédalier fabriqué par l'association Véloma spécialisée dans la conception et fabrication de vélos-cargos, de remorques et d'outils de basse technologie dans l’optique de l’autonomie et de la transition énergétique.
Le vélo transforme le pédalage en courant électrique directement acheminé vers nos équipements ou bien stocké dans une batterie (cf. Etape 2). Les pédales entrainent le pignon principal à une vitesse de 60 tours par minute. Ce dernier est relié à un second pignon plus petit permettant de multiplier par 4 la vitesse de rotation. Sur le même axe est encastré une roue d’inertie atteignant une vitesse de 1000 tours par minute qui est elle-même reliée à un alternateur allant à 4000 tours par minute.
Métal
Matériel - Pédalier
Matériel - Système électrique
Matériel - Fonction rameur (facultatif)
L'énergie la moins chère et la plus propre est celle qu'on ne produit ou ne consomme pas !
Pour arriver à nos solutions techniques, nous avons adopté la démarche négaWatt qui propose de repenser notre vision de l’énergie en trois étapes: Sobriété, Efficacité puis Énergies Renouvelables.
Notamment, il est essentiel de se poser plusieurs questions:
Nous entendons chaque jour qu’il est urgent de réduire notre consommation d’énergie. Comment faire lorsqu’on ne réalise pas exactement ce que l’on consomme ?
Pour matérialiser les consommations électriques des équipements du quotidien et pouvoir éventuellement prioriser certains, le jeu open-source REVOLT traduit ces consommations en temps de pédalage.
Dans le but de limiter la consommation énergétique de l'habitat, seuls les équipements indispensables au bon fonctionnement de l'écosystème ont été conservé :
Comment connaitre la consommation énergétique de ces équipements ?
L’estimation de la consommation électrique totale (73 Wh/j) dépend d’un certain nombre de facteurs comme les durées et fréquences d'utilisation. Pour éviter de sous-estimer les besoins, on considère une consommation journalière de 100 Wh.
Comment satisfaire efficacement et dans une démarche low-tech nos besoins énergétiques?
En journée, il semble pertinent d’utiliser l’énergie la plus abondante sur place, à savoir le soleil. De fait, nous utilisons un panneau solaire de 30W qui alimente alternativement les pompes et la batterie grâce à un microcontrôleur arduino. Pour en connaitre davantage sur les étapes de dimensionnement d'une installation électrique, rendez-vous sur le tutoriel "Remorque génératrice solaire - Système électrique" du wiki.
La nuit ou par temps couvert, il faudra compter sur nos muscles pour actionner le pédalier générateur d’électricité. C'est ce qu'on appelle le fitness utile !
Tube carré creux inox avant (1), support de l'axe du pédalier
L'axe du pédalier s'insère dans le tube rond creux inox (7). Ce dernier est soudé à l'une des extrémités du tube carré creux inox (1).
Tube carré creux inox arrière (4), support à l'axe de la roue d'inertie
L'axe de la roue d'inertie s'insère dans le tube rond creux inox (8). Ce dernier est soudé à l'une des extrémités du tube carré creux inox (4).
Assemblage de la structure
Le pédalier est fixé à l'axe du boitier de pédalier via des vis de ⌀ 13 mm. Ce dernier est inséré dans le tube rond (7) pour le maintenir en position.
Le plateau du pédalier entraine un galet soudé à l'axe de la roue d'inertie. Pour supporter et guider la rotation de cet axe, 2 roulements à bille sont insérés et maintenus en place dans le tube rond creux inox (8).
La roue d'inertie est un disque métallique lourd qui, entrainé par le pédalage, permet de fluidifier le mouvement et ainsi améliorer les performances. Plus elle est lourde, plus le pédalage sera régulier, confortable et fluide.
Le tendeur de chaine permet d'ajuster la tension de la chaine de vélo
L'alternateur transforme l'énergie mécanique en électricité et alimente les différents équipements de la Biosphère. Il est relié à la roue d'inertie via une courroie trapézoïdale.
Fixation de l'alternateur sur le tube carré (1)
Fixation de l'alternateur sur le tube carré (2)
L'électricité générée par le pédalier passe par un pont diode qui permet de transformer une tension alternative en tension continue. Un condensateur, connecté au pont diode, emmagasine l'énergie puis la restitue en lissant et stabilisant l'alimentation électrique. En sortie, un voltmètre et un ampèremètre permettent de controler l'énergie fournie. Le courant électrique passe enfin par le régulateur de charge solaire avant d'être réparti dans les différents équipements électriques.
Le design du pédalier a été pensé pour adapter facilement le mode rameur.
Fixation de la roue libre à la manivelle (côté opposé au plateau)
Réalisation de la structure & assemblage
Document rédigé par Emma Bousquet-Pasturel dans le cadre du projet expérimental "Biosphère, capsule en milieu aride" du Low-tech Lab.
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