(Page créée avec « *A wooden box *A box * A cardboard box * A chest *An old polystyrene fish box ») |
(Page créée avec « *[https://cloud.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/index.php/s/GQtnBwfSDKm5ELy?path=%2F&openfile=268756629#pdfviewer Report about experiments performed by students at ENS3 on the Norw... ») |
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| (132 révisions intermédiaires par 3 utilisateurs non affichées) | |||
| Ligne 2 : | Ligne 2 : | ||
|Main_Picture=Marmite_norvégienne_Marmite Norvégienne.jpg | |Main_Picture=Marmite_norvégienne_Marmite Norvégienne.jpg | ||
|Licences=Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) | |Licences=Attribution-ShareAlike (CC BY-SA) | ||
| − | |Description=The Norwegian | + | |Description=The Norwegian Kettle allows for an extended period of passive cooking without supplying heat. |
| + | THIS TUTORIAL IS A PROTOTYPE AND NEEDS TO BE GREATLY IMPROVED. | ||
|Area=Food | |Area=Food | ||
|Type=Prototype | |Type=Prototype | ||
| Ligne 15 : | Ligne 16 : | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{Introduction | {{Introduction | ||
| − | |Introduction=Cooking is an incredibly inefficient process. The thermal efficiency varies from 13% for electric hot plates to 23% for gas hot plates and from 5% to 25% for open fires and biomass | + | |Introduction=Cooking is an incredibly inefficient process. The thermal efficiency varies from 13% for electric hot plates to 23% for gas hot plates and from 5% to 25% for open fires and biomass stoves. Stoves also cause increased pollution levels in the interior air space, particularly in developing countries but also in modern kitchens. |
| − | Low-tech solutions do exist for the improvement of these problems. Whilst we can see clear improvements through the use of a pressure cooker, these containers lose significant heat through their inner surfaces which are often poorly insulated or uninsulated. And there is still the problem of losses from heat transfer in the case where the low-tech insulating wrapper has not been used [ | + | Low-tech solutions do exist for the improvement of these problems. Whilst we can see clear improvements through the use of a pressure cooker, these containers lose significant heat through their inner surfaces which are often poorly insulated or uninsulated. And there is still the problem of losses from heat transfer in the case where the low-tech insulating wrapper has not been used [https://wiki.lowtechlab.org/wiki/jupe_isolante_pour_casserole low-tech insulating skirt]. But if the food contents are brought to their boiling point and the container placed in a well-insulated box, the heat losses are minimised and the cooking can continue without the addition of further energy. |
This is the principle of the Norwegian Cooker, also known as a hay box. By analogy, one can compare this type of cooker with the concept of a passive house: that is a well-insulated building that requires only a little energy for heating or cooling. | This is the principle of the Norwegian Cooker, also known as a hay box. By analogy, one can compare this type of cooker with the concept of a passive house: that is a well-insulated building that requires only a little energy for heating or cooling. | ||
| Ligne 26 : | Ligne 27 : | ||
Here we are going to integrate the Norwegian Cooker into a kitchen drawer | Here we are going to integrate the Norwegian Cooker into a kitchen drawer | ||
| − | Find in [https://lowtechlab.org/assets/files/rapport-experimentation-habitat-low-tech-low-tech-lab.pdf this report] an analysis of the usage of the Norwegian Cooker as well as 11 other low tech. experiments throughout the project "In Search of a Sustainable Habitat'' | + | THIS TUTORIAL IS A PROTOTYPE AND NEEDS TO BE GREATLY IMPROVED. A MORE COMPLETE VERSION WILL BE AVAILABLE SOON. |
| + | |||
| + | '''Find in [https://lowtechlab.org/assets/files/rapport-experimentation-habitat-low-tech-low-tech-lab.pdf this report] an analysis of the usage of the Norwegian Cooker as well as 11 other low tech. experiments throughout the project "In Search of a Sustainable Habitat" ''' | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{TutoVideo | {{TutoVideo | ||
| Ligne 36 : | Ligne 39 : | ||
|Material=*Wooden planks from wine boxes, palettes, plywood off-cuts, etc. .... | |Material=*Wooden planks from wine boxes, palettes, plywood off-cuts, etc. .... | ||
*Nails | *Nails | ||
| − | * 1 | + | * 1 foil blanket |
| − | * 1 duvet for insulation | + | * 1 duvet for insulation |
| − | * | + | *Assembly feet and screws |
*A wooden box | *A wooden box | ||
| Ligne 45 : | Ligne 48 : | ||
* A chest | * A chest | ||
*An old polystyrene fish box | *An old polystyrene fish box | ||
| + | * A basket | ||
| + | * A bucket with a lid | ||
| + | *A cooler | ||
| + | *An insulated bag | ||
| + | *A toy box | ||
| + | *A washing tub | ||
| + | *A trunk or a suitcase | ||
| + | *A kitchen cupboard or draw | ||
| + | * A hole in the ground | ||
| + | *...... | ||
| − | + | You get the idea | |
| − | + | Other options for the insulating material | |
| − | * | + | * Blanket |
| − | * | + | *Duvet |
| − | * | + | *Eiderdown |
| − | * | + | *Sleeping bag |
| − | * | + | *Wool |
| − | * | + | *Textiles (old pullovers, anoraks, towels, curtains...); |
| − | * | + | *Cushions |
| − | * | + | *Jute sacs |
| − | * | + | *Hemp |
| − | * | + | *Sawdust |
| − | * | + | *Bark |
| − | * | + | *Cork |
| − | * | + | *Polystyrene |
| − | * | + | *Foil blanket (survival blanket) |
| − | * | + | *Straw, hay... |
| − | * | + | *Glass wool |
| − | * | + | *Banana leaves |
| − | * | + | *... |
| − | |Tools=''' | + | |Tools='''If you already have containers, no need for tools!''' |
| − | + | If you want to make a hay box from wooden planks for example, you will need the usual tools: | |
| − | * | + | *Hammer |
| − | * | + | *Screwdriver |
| − | * | + | *Tape measure |
| − | * | + | *Wood saw or appropriate choice for the selected material |
| − | * | + | *Gloves |
| − | * | + | *Safety glasses |
| − | * | + | *Ruler |
| − | * | + | *Scissors |
| − | |||
| − | + | Other possible tools | |
| − | * | + | *Wood glue |
| − | * | + | *Set-square |
| − | *Scotch | + | *Double sided Scotch tape |
| − | * | + | *Stapler |
|Tuto_Attachments={{Tuto Attachments | |Tuto_Attachments={{Tuto Attachments | ||
|Attachment=Marmite_norv_gienne_Affiche_MarmiteNorvegienne_FR.pdf | |Attachment=Marmite_norv_gienne_Affiche_MarmiteNorvegienne_FR.pdf | ||
| Ligne 92 : | Ligne 104 : | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{Tuto Step | {{Tuto Step | ||
| − | |Step_Title= | + | |Step_Title=Manufacturing stages |
| − | |Step_Content=1) | + | |Step_Content=1) Prepare the installation |
| − | 2) | + | 2) Construct the small box |
| − | 3) | + | 3) Construct the large box |
| − | 4) | + | 4) Line the small box with the small blanket |
| − | 5) | + | 5) Line the large box with insulation |
| − | 6) | + | 6) Fit everything together |
}} | }} | ||
{{Tuto Step | {{Tuto Step | ||
| − | |Step_Title= | + | |Step_Title=Prepare the installation |
| − | |Step_Content=''' | + | |Step_Content='''The pot''' |
| − | 1) | + | 1) Decide which cooking pot or casserole dish you will use for cooking in the Norwegian kettle |
| − | + | Measure the length, width and depth of the cooking pot | |
| − | ''' | + | '''The location of the installation''' |
| − | 3) | + | 3) Determine the location of your Norwegian kettle. If it is to be a kitchen drawer or a cupboard, measure the height, width and depth. |
'''Validation''' | '''Validation''' | ||
| − | 4) | + | 4) Confirm that the space between the two boxes is at least 10 cm so that they can be placed inside each other and that the thickness of the insulation will be sufficient. |
|Step_Picture_00=Marmite_norv_gienne_DSC_0116.JPG | |Step_Picture_00=Marmite_norv_gienne_DSC_0116.JPG | ||
|Step_Picture_01=Marmite_norv_gienne_DSC_0044.JPG | |Step_Picture_01=Marmite_norv_gienne_DSC_0044.JPG | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{Tuto Step | {{Tuto Step | ||
| − | |Step_Title= | + | |Step_Title=Construct the small box |
| − | |Step_Content=''' | + | |Step_Content='''Note''': The small box must be at least 1 cm higher than the cooking pot and at least 4 cm wider or longer |
| − | 1) | + | 1) Using either a wood saw or a jig saw cut the wooden planks using the measurements taken previously |
| − | 2) | + | 2) Assemble the wooden planks using nails and a hammer |
| − | ''' | + | '''Planks for the small box''' |
| − | - 2 | + | - 2 planks (1 cm taller than the cooking pot) x (4 cm longer than the cooking pot) |
| − | - 2 | + | -2 planks (1 cm taller than the cooking pot) x (4 cm wider than the cooking pot) |
| − | - 1 | + | - 1 or several planks (4 cm wider than the pot) x (4cm longer than the pot) |
|Step_Picture_00=Marmite_norv_gienne_DSC_0056.JPG | |Step_Picture_00=Marmite_norv_gienne_DSC_0056.JPG | ||
|Step_Picture_01=Marmite_norv_gienne_DSC_0102.JPG | |Step_Picture_01=Marmite_norv_gienne_DSC_0102.JPG | ||
| Ligne 145 : | Ligne 157 : | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{Tuto Step | {{Tuto Step | ||
| − | |Step_Title= | + | |Step_Title=Construct the larger box |
| − | |Step_Content=1) | + | |Step_Content=1) Take measurements of the location |
| − | 2) | + | 2) Take 1 cm off these measurements to ensure that the outer box can easily fit |
| − | 3) | + | 3) Cut the planks using either a wood-saw or a jigsaw |
| − | ''' | + | '''Notes''': |
| − | + | The large box must be adapted to the proposed location for the Hay Box, be larger (in length, height and width) than the small box by at least 10 cm to allow the fitting of an insulating blanket at least 5 cm thick on all sides | |
| − | + | The bottom of the drawer can be used as the bottom of the box | |
| − | 4) | + | 4) Assemble the wooden planks using nails and a hammer |
| − | ''' | + | '''Planks for the large box''' |
| − | - 2 | + | -2 planks (10 cm taller than the cooking pot) x (10 cm longer than the cooking pot) |
| − | - 2 | + | - 2 planks (10 cm taller than the cooking pot) x (10 cm wider than the cooking pot) |
| − | - | + | - If you need a bottom for the box: one or more planks (10 cm wider than the the small box) x (10 cm longer than the small box) |
|Step_Picture_00=Marmite_norv_gienne_DSC_0202.JPG | |Step_Picture_00=Marmite_norv_gienne_DSC_0202.JPG | ||
|Step_Picture_01=Marmite_norv_gienne_DSC_0131.JPG | |Step_Picture_01=Marmite_norv_gienne_DSC_0131.JPG | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{Tuto Step | {{Tuto Step | ||
| − | |Step_Title= | + | |Step_Title=Line the small box with the foil blanket |
| − | |Step_Content=1) | + | |Step_Content=1) Unfold the foil blanket and line the the small box with the silvered side of the blanket facing outwards because this reflects heat |
| − | ''' | + | '''Cutting Out''' |
| − | 2) | + | 2) Place the cooking pot in the small box |
| − | 3) | + | 3) Cover the cooking pot with the foil blanket |
| − | 4) | + | 4) Determine the surplus amount of the foil blanket and cut so that there is not too great an excess |
| − | 5) | + | 5) If necessary, staple or sellotape the foil blanket to the small box |
|Step_Picture_00=Marmite_norv_gienne_DSC_0177.JPG | |Step_Picture_00=Marmite_norv_gienne_DSC_0177.JPG | ||
|Step_Picture_01=Marmite_norv_gienne_DSC_0190.JPG | |Step_Picture_01=Marmite_norv_gienne_DSC_0190.JPG | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{Tuto Step | {{Tuto Step | ||
| − | |Step_Title= | + | |Step_Title=Line the large box with the insulation |
| − | |Step_Content=''' | + | |Step_Content='''Note''' : The goal is to make a cozy home for your pot so that it does not catch cold. The more insulation there is, the more heat the pot will retain. |
| − | ''' | + | '''Cutting Out''' |
| − | 1) | + | 1) Place the duvet (or other insulating material) in the bottom of the large drawer |
| − | 2) | + | 2) Place the small box inside |
| − | 3) | + | 3) Fold the insulation on to the small box to estimate how much extra there is |
| − | 4) | + | 4) Cut off the surplus insulation |
| − | ''' | + | '''Note''' To make a cover, it's possible to cut a square of insulation which is the size of the larger box |
| − | + | Make sure that the cooking pot is designed to allow complete closure so that there is no space in the insulation | |
| − | + | Don't hesitate to try different insulating materials to assess which one performs the best | |
|Step_Picture_00=Marmite_norv_gienne_DSC_0204.JPG | |Step_Picture_00=Marmite_norv_gienne_DSC_0204.JPG | ||
|Step_Picture_01=Marmite_norv_gienne_DSC_0208.JPG | |Step_Picture_01=Marmite_norv_gienne_DSC_0208.JPG | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{Tuto Step | {{Tuto Step | ||
| − | |Step_Title= | + | |Step_Title=Fit everything together |
| − | |Step_Content=1) | + | |Step_Content=1) Pull out the drawer that will accommodate the cooking pot |
| − | 2) | + | 2) Nest everything together |
|Step_Picture_00=Marmite_norv_gienne_DSC_0208.JPG | |Step_Picture_00=Marmite_norv_gienne_DSC_0208.JPG | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{Tuto Step | {{Tuto Step | ||
| − | |Step_Title= | + | |Step_Title=Advice for use |
| − | |Step_Content= | + | |Step_Content=Using the Norwegian cooking bot (Hay-box) is very simple |
| − | * | + | * Bring your dish to boiling or the desired temperature on a normal hot-plate |
| − | * | + | *Place it in the cooking pot and close it |
| − | * | + | *The cooking time in the pot is on average 1/3 longer than on the stove; that might seem like a constraint but imagine all the things you can do whilst waiting, knowing that now you won't have to keep an eye on your pot in order to to stop over-cooking or burning |
}} | }} | ||
{{Tuto Step | {{Tuto Step | ||
| − | |Step_Title= | + | |Step_Title=Educational content to download |
| − | |Step_Content= | + | |Step_Content=You can download an educational file created by Low-tech lab in the "files" tab of the tutorial (tab under the section Tools & Materials) |
|Step_Picture_00=Marmite_norv_gienne_marmite.JPG | |Step_Picture_00=Marmite_norv_gienne_marmite.JPG | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{Notes | {{Notes | ||
| − | |Notes=*[http://www.marmite-norvegienne.com/ | + | |Notes=*[http://www.marmite-norvegienne.com/ A blog specialising in Norwegian Marmite] |
| + | *[https://www.facebook.com/groups/1288015614945411 A group specialising in Norwegian Marmite] | ||
| − | *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yJJayCOW6Uc | + | *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yJJayCOW6Uc Another interesting tutorial video] |
| − | *[https://cloud.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/index.php/s/GQtnBwfSDKm5ELy?path=%2F&openfile=268756629#pdfviewer | + | *[https://cloud.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/index.php/s/GQtnBwfSDKm5ELy?path=%2F&openfile=268756629#pdfviewer Report about experiments performed by students at ENS3 on the Norwegian cooking pot] |
| − | *[http://www.lowtechmagazine.com/2014/07/cooking-pot-insulation-key-to-sustainable-cooking.html If We Insulate Our Houses, Why Not Our Cooking Pots?] : Article | + | *[http://www.lowtechmagazine.com/2014/07/cooking-pot-insulation-key-to-sustainable-cooking.html If We Insulate Our Houses, Why Not Our Cooking Pots?] : Article from Low-tech Magazine about alternative cooking techniques. Some data is provided regarding the energy performance of cooking without external heat. |
*[http://www.rootsimple.com/2011/12/hay-boxes-or-fireless-cookers/ Hay boxes or Fireless Cookers] | *[http://www.rootsimple.com/2011/12/hay-boxes-or-fireless-cookers/ Hay boxes or Fireless Cookers] | ||
| − | + | Traducción al español: Andrea Hernándiz López | |
| + | |||
| + | Translation in English: Matthew Bowman | ||
| + | |||
| + | <br /> | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{PageLang | {{PageLang | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{Tuto Status | {{Tuto Status | ||
| − | |Complete= | + | |Complete=Draft |
}} | }} | ||
{{Separator}} | {{Separator}} | ||
Version actuelle datée du 9 août 2024 à 11:45
Difficulté
Facile
Durée
1 heure(s)
Coût
10 EUR (€)
Description
The Norwegian Kettle allows for an extended period of passive cooking without supplying heat. THIS TUTORIAL IS A PROTOTYPE AND NEEDS TO BE GREATLY IMPROVED.
Sommaire
Sommaire
- 1 Description
- 2 Sommaire
- 3 Introduction
- 4 Video d'introduction
- 5 Étape 1 - Manufacturing stages
- 6 Étape 2 - Prepare the installation
- 7 Étape 3 - Construct the small box
- 8 Étape 4 - Construct the larger box
- 9 Étape 5 - Line the small box with the foil blanket
- 10 Étape 6 - Line the large box with the insulation
- 11 Étape 7 - Fit everything together
- 12 Étape 8 - Advice for use
- 13 Étape 9 - Educational content to download
- 14 Notes et références
- 15 Commentaires
Introduction
Cooking is an incredibly inefficient process. The thermal efficiency varies from 13% for electric hot plates to 23% for gas hot plates and from 5% to 25% for open fires and biomass stoves. Stoves also cause increased pollution levels in the interior air space, particularly in developing countries but also in modern kitchens.
Low-tech solutions do exist for the improvement of these problems. Whilst we can see clear improvements through the use of a pressure cooker, these containers lose significant heat through their inner surfaces which are often poorly insulated or uninsulated. And there is still the problem of losses from heat transfer in the case where the low-tech insulating wrapper has not been used low-tech insulating skirt. But if the food contents are brought to their boiling point and the container placed in a well-insulated box, the heat losses are minimised and the cooking can continue without the addition of further energy.
This is the principle of the Norwegian Cooker, also known as a hay box. By analogy, one can compare this type of cooker with the concept of a passive house: that is a well-insulated building that requires only a little energy for heating or cooling.
Of course the energy economics depend on several factors: the material used for the insulation, the overall design of the cooking pot, the time required to cook the dish, the food and the speed with which it is transferred from the gas cooker to the cooking pot. According to the Partnership for Clean Indoor Air and their comparative test of 18 types of solid fuel stoves, there would be on average a 50% energy-saving from using a Norwegian Cooker.
Here we are going to integrate the Norwegian Cooker into a kitchen drawer
THIS TUTORIAL IS A PROTOTYPE AND NEEDS TO BE GREATLY IMPROVED. A MORE COMPLETE VERSION WILL BE AVAILABLE SOON.
Find in this report an analysis of the usage of the Norwegian Cooker as well as 11 other low tech. experiments throughout the project "In Search of a Sustainable Habitat"Youtube
Matériaux
- Wooden planks from wine boxes, palettes, plywood off-cuts, etc. ....
- Nails
- 1 foil blanket
- 1 duvet for insulation
- Assembly feet and screws
- A wooden box
- A box
- A cardboard box
- A chest
- An old polystyrene fish box
- A basket
- A bucket with a lid
- A cooler
- An insulated bag
- A toy box
- A washing tub
- A trunk or a suitcase
- A kitchen cupboard or draw
- A hole in the ground
- ......
You get the idea
Other options for the insulating material
- Blanket
- Duvet
- Eiderdown
- Sleeping bag
- Wool
- Textiles (old pullovers, anoraks, towels, curtains...);
- Cushions
- Jute sacs
- Hemp
- Sawdust
- Bark
- Cork
- Polystyrene
- Foil blanket (survival blanket)
- Straw, hay...
- Glass wool
- Banana leaves
- ...
Outils
If you already have containers, no need for tools!
If you want to make a hay box from wooden planks for example, you will need the usual tools:
- Hammer
- Screwdriver
- Tape measure
- Wood saw or appropriate choice for the selected material
- Gloves
- Safety glasses
- Ruler
- Scissors
Other possible tools
- Wood glue
- Set-square
- Double sided Scotch tape
- Stapler
Étape 1 - Manufacturing stages
1) Prepare the installation
2) Construct the small box
3) Construct the large box
4) Line the small box with the small blanket
5) Line the large box with insulation
6) Fit everything together
Étape 2 - Prepare the installation
The pot
1) Decide which cooking pot or casserole dish you will use for cooking in the Norwegian kettle
Measure the length, width and depth of the cooking pot
The location of the installation
3) Determine the location of your Norwegian kettle. If it is to be a kitchen drawer or a cupboard, measure the height, width and depth.
Validation
4) Confirm that the space between the two boxes is at least 10 cm so that they can be placed inside each other and that the thickness of the insulation will be sufficient.
Étape 3 - Construct the small box
Note: The small box must be at least 1 cm higher than the cooking pot and at least 4 cm wider or longer
1) Using either a wood saw or a jig saw cut the wooden planks using the measurements taken previously
2) Assemble the wooden planks using nails and a hammer
Planks for the small box
- 2 planks (1 cm taller than the cooking pot) x (4 cm longer than the cooking pot)
-2 planks (1 cm taller than the cooking pot) x (4 cm wider than the cooking pot)
- 1 or several planks (4 cm wider than the pot) x (4cm longer than the pot)
Étape 4 - Construct the larger box
1) Take measurements of the location
2) Take 1 cm off these measurements to ensure that the outer box can easily fit
3) Cut the planks using either a wood-saw or a jigsaw
Notes:
The large box must be adapted to the proposed location for the Hay Box, be larger (in length, height and width) than the small box by at least 10 cm to allow the fitting of an insulating blanket at least 5 cm thick on all sides
The bottom of the drawer can be used as the bottom of the box
4) Assemble the wooden planks using nails and a hammer
Planks for the large box
-2 planks (10 cm taller than the cooking pot) x (10 cm longer than the cooking pot)
- 2 planks (10 cm taller than the cooking pot) x (10 cm wider than the cooking pot)
- If you need a bottom for the box: one or more planks (10 cm wider than the the small box) x (10 cm longer than the small box)
Étape 5 - Line the small box with the foil blanket
1) Unfold the foil blanket and line the the small box with the silvered side of the blanket facing outwards because this reflects heat
Cutting Out
2) Place the cooking pot in the small box
3) Cover the cooking pot with the foil blanket
4) Determine the surplus amount of the foil blanket and cut so that there is not too great an excess
5) If necessary, staple or sellotape the foil blanket to the small box
Étape 6 - Line the large box with the insulation
Note : The goal is to make a cozy home for your pot so that it does not catch cold. The more insulation there is, the more heat the pot will retain.
Cutting Out
1) Place the duvet (or other insulating material) in the bottom of the large drawer
2) Place the small box inside
3) Fold the insulation on to the small box to estimate how much extra there is
4) Cut off the surplus insulation
Note To make a cover, it's possible to cut a square of insulation which is the size of the larger box
Make sure that the cooking pot is designed to allow complete closure so that there is no space in the insulation
Don't hesitate to try different insulating materials to assess which one performs the best
Étape 7 - Fit everything together
1) Pull out the drawer that will accommodate the cooking pot
2) Nest everything together
Étape 8 - Advice for use
Using the Norwegian cooking bot (Hay-box) is very simple
- Bring your dish to boiling or the desired temperature on a normal hot-plate
- Place it in the cooking pot and close it
- The cooking time in the pot is on average 1/3 longer than on the stove; that might seem like a constraint but imagine all the things you can do whilst waiting, knowing that now you won't have to keep an eye on your pot in order to to stop over-cooking or burning
Étape 9 - Educational content to download
You can download an educational file created by Low-tech lab in the "files" tab of the tutorial (tab under the section Tools & Materials)
Notes et références
- If We Insulate Our Houses, Why Not Our Cooking Pots? : Article from Low-tech Magazine about alternative cooking techniques. Some data is provided regarding the energy performance of cooking without external heat.
Traducción al español: Andrea Hernándiz López
Translation in English: Matthew Bowman
Draft
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