Difficulté
Facile
Durée
1 jour(s)
Coût
50 EUR (€)
Description
This tutorial aims to introduce hydroponics culture and build a system for individuals. This technology was documented during the visit to Singapore of the "Nomadic Seas" expedition. We met the Comcrop company that grows aromatic plants (basil, mint...) on an area that is usually unused and worthless: the roofs of buildings!
Introduction
Hydroponics is the cultivation of plants and vegetation above ground and in water. The roots are immersed in a neutral and inert substrate (such as clay balls, sand...) which serves as a support. They directly capture the nutrients necessary for their growth in water enriched with a nutrient solution. Unlike conventional hydroponics, biopony (hydroponics+organic) allows fruits and vegetables to be grown organically without the use of synthetic chemical fertilizers. These are replaced by organic fertilizers such as manure, earthworm, tea and urine from oxygenated compost.
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In biopony, the nutrient solution is not sterile and bacteria, micro-organisms and fungi can develop. These active micro-organisms will make it possible to transform certain substances such as ammonia into nitrate, one of the nutrients essential for plant growth. In our case we use an organic solution by mixing water with human urine (1% urine in relation to the volume of water).
"Hydroponics has many advantages in certain contexts:
- In arid regions where fertile land and water are scarce. Hydroponics can save 7 to 10 times the volume of water needed for irrigation compared to conventional agriculture. It also helps to avoid water stress.
- In cities and urban areas where there is little space available for earth cultivation. It is particularly suitable for cultivation in restricted spaces (roofs of buildings, apartments, abandoned factories, etc.). As it can be developed vertically, hydroponics also makes it possible to obtain a production per square meter much higher than land agriculture. It can also allow a return to culture among urban residents, who are often disconnected from nature.
- In case of soil pollution.
- Allows better control of invasive insects.
Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator
"But hydroponics can also have disadvantages:
- Can be expensive and uneconomical if installed in greenhouses with artificial lighting and heating.
- In a non-organic hydroponic system, the nutrient solution must be renewed regularly. Water rich in minerals and oligo-elements is then rejected and can affect the ecosystem. In this tutorial, we present a method to avoid chemical inputs.
- The environment being humid and hot, bacteria or diseases can spread very quickly. Hydroponics requires particular and daily attention to the health of plants.
Matériaux
1. Crop gutters
- Cleats (minimum width 10cm)
- Plastic sheeting
- Staples
- Clay beads
Prefer the small clay balls, they are heavier and will allow a better maintenance of the roots
Outils
- Brackets
- Wood screws
- Young shoots and cuttings
2. Irrigation system
- 1 Submersible pump (aquarium pump)
- 5 m of thin plastic pipe (pump outlet)
- 1 End cap with 4 outlets for fine pipe
- 50 cm of wide plastic tube (Link between the filter and the bio-filter)
- 1 Wide pipe end cap (to be fixed on the filter tank)
- 1 Blower
3. Filter and bio-filter
- 2 plastic bins of 60L
- Large gravel
- Sand
- 10L Clay beads
- 40L of water
In order to ensure homogeneity of the water in terms of nutrients and temperature, we recommend using about 40L of water per square metre of cultivation. }} 4. Control system
- Socket outlet with programmable timer or Arduino
|Tools=* Drill/driver or screwdriver
- Saw
- Stapler
- Hole saw
- Cutter or scissors
}}
Étape 1 - Manufacture of culture gutters
The system used measures 2m long by 50cm wide. The skeleton is made up of 4 cleats / bamboos fixed in parallel at a distance of 15 cm thanks to wooden cleats. It is covered with an agricultural cover (width 1m) so as to form 3 gutters about 10cm deep. These gutters are filled with clay balls. An aquarium pump immersed in the biofilter tank propels the nutrient solution from the top side of these gutters (inclination of about 10 degrees) so that it flows through the clay balls until it returns to the storage tank (biofilter). The table is about 1.2m high (ergonomic for taking care of plants). A shade screen is attached like a skirt on the sides to protect the biofilters, nutrient solution storage tank and mushroom farm from the sun.
- Manufacturing of the support
- In this model we explain the process for 3 gutters but it is of course possible to duplicate it at will !
- Cut 4 strips of the same length (190 cm for us)
- Attach them parallel to a support using brackets and screws at regular intervals (15 cm)
- Staple the tarpaulin on the side of the first strip and then extend it to cover the next three (Possibility to double the tarpaulin for more resistance)
- Form gutters with the tarpaulin until it touches the support
- Staple the tarpaulin on each strip and cut it out.
- Water recovery
2. Water recovery
The water system operates in a closed circuit. The water is pumped into the biofilter that serves as a reservoir, exits at one end of the gutter and is recollected at the other end before passing through a filter and returning to the initial reservoir.
In order to recover the water, the tarpaulin is pierced very finely (to prevent the clay balls from escaping) at the opposite end of the water inlet. Below this end, another tarpaulin is stapled to form a pocket to collect and channel the water before it flows into the filter.
Étape 2 - Filter and Biofilter
Once passed through the plants, the water flows into two separate tanks: the filter and the biofilter.
- The purpose of the filter is to block all coarse particles that could block the pumps (root and leaf residues, erosion of clay balls, etc.). The filter has three stages of filtration, from the finest to the coarsest.
- The biofilter constitutes the water reservoir, to which is added about a quarter of the volume in clay beads. These serve as a culture medium for bacteria that will allow the transformation of natural inputs (urine, compost juice, etc.) into nutrients that can be assimilated by plants. In particular, the transformation of ammonia into nitrite and then nitrate, essential for foliar development (leaf development). Bacteria develop naturally after 6 weeks or can be purchased in culture at hydroponics sites.
For their proper development, bacteria need:
- of moisture, provided by water
- shadow
- of oxygen, install a bubbler to regularly stir the water in the biofilter.
- of food, natural inputs
For our part, we only use human urine as an input (See below for assays)!
- Filter
- At the bottom of the first tank, drill a hole with the hole saw of the diameter of your outlet pipe to the second tank.
- Install the nozzle and hose on the tank
- Spread a layer of coarse gravel on the bottom (1/4 of the filter volume)
- Add a layer of clay beads of the same thickness
- Add a slightly thinner layer of sand on top
- Install the filter under the water pocket at the outlet of the gutter, and raise it above the biofilter to allow the water to flow by gravity.
2. Biofilter
- Fill the second tank with water (40L) and add about a quarter of the volume of water in clay balls (10L)
In our system, the clay beads of the biofilter are replaced by plastic beads that are also good nests for bacteria (but not natural).
Étape 3 - Irrigation system and bubbler
After being filtered, oxygenated and recharged with nutrients, the water is ready to be re-injected into the system. For this purpose, a small submersible pump is used. The power of the pump depends on the size of your system.
- Measure a length of plastic pipe (of a diameter suitable for your pump) from the biofilter to the end of the gutters.
- Connect one end to the pump and the other to a 4-way nozzle (to be adapted according to the number of gutters), placed at the end of the gutters
- Attach this end cap to the central gutter.
- Connect pipes to the outlets of the nozzle to irrigate all gutters.
- Immerse the pump in the biofilter
- Immerse the bubbler in the biofilter
Étape 4 - Control system
In order to gain in autonomy, it is possible to install a timer system thanks to a programmable electrical socket or an arduino allowing to program the starting of the pump and the bubbler.
- Indeed, for a better development of the plants, it is advisable to proceed to a regular watering alternated with dry breaks. This water stress will strengthen the roots.
For this purpose, we recommend that the pump be switched on for 30 minutes every 2 hours during the day. No watering at night.
- The biofilter needs to be aerated regularly for good growth and survival of bacteria.
"We recommend lighting the bubbler for 1 minute every 5 minutes, 24 hours a day.
Arduino control system:
Étape 5 - Crop selection and harvesting
Not all crops are suitable for hydroponics. It is easier, especially without chemical fertilizers, to prefer leafy vegetables (lettuce, cabbage, spinach, sweet potatoes...) and herbs (mint, basil, coriander).
"Planter" les dans les billes d'argiles en veillant à bien immerger les racines.
Il faut toujours intégrer les plantes après les avoir semées ou bouturées afin qu'elles aient développé un système racinaire assez long et résistant.
Quelques conseils:
- Préférer la lumière directe si possible mais ne pas hésiter à ajouter de l'ombrage en cas de grosses chaleurs
- Bien aérer le système et contrôler la température. Ne pas hésiter à ajouter un petit ventilateur en cas de grosses chaleurs.
- Vérifier régulièrement que les racines soient sous les billes d'argiles.
- Vérifier régulièrement la couleur des feuilles: si celles-ci jaunissent, cela peut être dû à un arrosage excessif, un manque de nutriments, un mauvais pH ou un trop fort ensoleillement.
- Effectuer le repiquage des pousses plutôt en fin de journée.
- Effectuer le repiquage des pousses quand elles ont au moins 5 feuilles. Il faut ensuite arroser.
- Les boutures : pour la menthe et les patates douces, par exemple, couper une ou plusieurs branches. Enlever les feuilles sur environ les 2/3 de la branche. Enfouir cette partie dégagée sous les billes d'argiles. Il faut ensuite arroser.
- Effectuer la récolte plutôt en matinée, peu de temps après le lever du soleil. Choisir les feuilles les plus anciennes, les plus abîmées ou les feuilles qui se développent en parallèle de pousses auxiliaires.
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