Tutorial de Low-tech Lab | Catégories : Habitat, Énergie
Semi-removable inertia mass stove. A mass storage stove or ‘heat storage stove’ is a primary heating device. Its mass, which is made up of heavy material (stone, brick and concrete), stores energy from a fire that burns once during the day (lasting between 1 and 3 hours). Once the fire has gone out, it then continues to give out heat over a prolonged period (for up to 24 hours). Its mass provides thermal inertia which helps to keep an even temperature inside a building (which is why these stoves are often also called “inertia stoves”). The whole of the quantity of wood needed to heat the dwelling is burnt in one go, making it burn hotter which allows complete and more environmentally-friendly combustion. It is a storage device which is designed to absorb the bulk of the energy that is generated from combustion and exhaust gases, which cool down considerably once out of the stove. Accumulated heat is mainly diffused by radiation and, in a few cases, by convection. This particular type of heating, i.e. that uses radiation, is best located in the centre of the dwelling and therefore, most mass stoves these days are positioned in the main room which opens out onto the lounge, dining room and kitchen. As yield tends tend to be in the majority of cases higher than 80%, these stoves are considered to be one of the most efficient wood-fuelled heating devices. Watch the tutorial video here [1]
Semi-removable inertia mass stove. A mass storage stove or ‘heat storage stove’ is a primary heating device. Its mass, which is made up of heavy material (stone, brick and concrete), stores energy from a fire that burns once during the day (lasting between 1 and 3 hours). Once the fire has gone out, it then continues to give out heat over a prolonged period (for up to 24 hours). Its mass provides thermal inertia which helps to keep an even temperature inside a building (which is why these stoves are often also called “inertia stoves”). The whole of the quantity of wood needed to heat the dwelling is burnt in one go, making it burn hotter which allows complete and more environmentally-friendly combustion. It is a storage device which is designed to absorb the bulk of the energy that is generated from combustion and exhaust gases, which cool down considerably once out of the stove. Accumulated heat is mainly diffused by radiation and, in a few cases, by convection. This particular type of heating, i.e. that uses radiation, is best located in the centre of the dwelling and therefore, most mass stoves these days are positioned in the main room which opens out onto the lounge, dining room and kitchen. As yield tends tend to be in the majority of cases higher than 80%, these stoves are considered to be one of the most efficient wood-fuelled heating devices. Watch the tutorial video here [2]
poêle de masse, chauffage, inertie, habitat léger, nomade, poêle, rocket stove, combustion, Low-tech Tour France en-gb fr 1
The Poelito is a wood-burning inertia stove for small and/or non-fixed dwellings (e.g. motor homes, yurts, caravans, mobile homes, narrow boats etc.). Such dwellings have the following characteristics: - they are less spacious inside and therefore only need a small amount of power to heat. Because of this, a conventional stove is often excessive as it heats the space up too quickly. It therefore needs to burn when it is not giving any real benefit which leads to pollution, soot deposits and poor performance. - Inertia is low which means that there is very little mass that can absorb excess heat and later release it. It therefore gets cold quickly once the source of heat has gone. A storage heater is the perfect answer to these problems.It stores a vast amount of heat and only needs to be burning for 2 hours every 12 to 24 hours; therefore the fire needs to be maintained for less time and heat can be given out over longer periods.
It works on the basis of combining “mass” with “portability”: the sand, which can be easily taken out, provides some of the inertia. If the stove is emptied out then it is easier to move. Whilst in use, the Rocket stove has a vertical feed mechanism which means wood can be supplied to it automatically using gravity. During combustion, the flame is sucked sideways across the bottom which allows air to be supplied from above the fuel. It is an original design guaranteeing efficiency but needs supervision when in use.
This tutorial has been produced by David Mercereau. This is a transcript of work carried out by Vital BIES, who are at the forefront of the idea behind the design of the Poelito and authors of the manual : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1SDJ3YHpDVMU- OoX5gND9xs4qdx8HZaNJ/view.
We would like to thank them for the work they have done for our community. Only the construction and operating instructions are included in this tutorial. Additional options are covered in the Vital manual which include the doors providing access for cleaning and adding extra features such as heated seating or a water heater. We will also not be covering the openings from which the sand is removed as this will add to the complexity of building it. The sand can be removed at any time from the top of the stove.
Metalwork
* Pipework (tubes of differing diameters and T-tube)
Ironmongery:
Concrete:
Moulds:
Health and Safety:
For Marking/Measuring:
For the Metalwork:
Concrete:
Casting:
There are a number of items that are needed to build this stove, which can either be bought from new or salvaged.
NB 1: the 2 pipes that are used for the (fixed) ash tray and the (removable) feed pipe must have a male fitting at one of their ends to accommodate the stopper. NB 2: A rigorous approach must be adopted when producing the exhaust system, using pipes which are compatible with one another. It is important to avoid leaks (condensates as well as smoke) and also the risk of fire .
AVOID making concrete with ordinary cement or ‘black’ cement (unlike fire cement, it does not contain alumina)
The final thing to do for the ‘crash test’ is pour a glass of cold water over it. If there is no reaction, then it is specialist glass. Do not put it on the grass in case it breaks.
In this image, you will find the average supply costs for the different models. Taking the drum and the smoke exhaust out of the equation, the pipework will be a major part of the budget.
The idea behind the Poelito is to build a rocket stove inside a drum. The bottom of the drum is lined with an insulating mix of concrete; however the stove still needs to stand on a fire-proof support.The bottom part of the stove is cast in refractory concrete around a mould made of cardboard tubes. This is the area where the fire develops.Tubes are used to make the hollowed-out conduits: these are the routes which the smoke and fire take. The lower part forms the base of the fire pit and is a fixed body of material. The upper half is made up of removable metal pipes and is filled up with sand. This can either be left standing or transported separately. The fire pit can be closed to the outside either by a cast iron plate or by a pane of ceramic glass which can then be covered over by the drum lid as a finishing touch. The exhaust pipe is on the outside of the drum to which connection is made by a T joint with cap for cleaning out. Any pipes that go along the ceiling and to roof vents (or anything which goes outside of the dwelling) must be insulated.
In the picture, you can see the bottom of the vertical feed pipe and the ash tray at the front and, behind, the pipe where the fire is lit . This together forms the burner.
Towards the back, there are 2 pipes where the smoke is forced down. These are situated on either side of the pipe where the fire lit. These pipes join up underneath by means of a manifold which directs the smoke towards the back in the direction of the smoke exhaust which forms the manifold. Connection to the exhaust pipe is by means of a T with cap.
It is possible to make the Poelito in three different sizes which will be depend on the type of dwelling, the space that is to be heated, the exterior temperature and how well the dwelling is insulatedː
It is low power and low mass and is only suitable for small buildings with, at the very least, good insulation. As an example, in a large caravan (7m long), it is OK for temperatures down to 0°C but when the temperature drops to -5°C you cannot expect any more than 12°C in the morning if you lit a fire in the evening. Heavy use of an under-sized stove makes it less durable.The cooking area is fairly small and only allows use of small pans.
This is the best compromise in the terms of bulk v power and transportability. It also is suitable for a studio. It has a good cooking area with the possibility of a water heating option.
This design is most suitable for lightweight dwellings with a floor-space of more than 20 m² or for a solidly-built, moderately insulated dwelling with a floor-space of more than 35 m² .A device which does not need to be moved very often and requires options such as water heating and heated seating would be suitable for this size of dwelling
User’s responsibility
The authors of this guide and the organisation which makes it available disclaim all liability resulting from the use of the Poelito. You are solely responsible for the implementation of the proposed device. Take precautions, remain calm and composed when in action. Above all, question any so-called “good ideas” you may have (e.g. “that will be OK like that”...)
Safety during construction
Always use safety equipment required for the task undertaken. Metal can be a dangerous material to work with and cement may be toxic if inhaled. Ensure you have an suitable work plan and only use the right tools to assemble pieces when machining (clamp, vice, locking pliers)
Installing the stove
Like all stoves, it is important to respect safety rules in order to not put yourself or your dwelling at risk.
Weight /foundations:This device is of a substantial weight.In a lightweight dwelling, it is imperative that you put something under the floor to withstand the weight and avoid it collapsing. As a minimum, you will need at least a block which stands on the hard surface to sufficiently support the floor. If needed, insert a transverse beam between existing supports (to form a joist) and a block for maximum effect. In conjunction with this, a ground protection mat is recommended as the floor can be relatively flexible and can become distorted in places due to the weight being concentrated in a given area (at points of bearing heavy loads). This means laying any such material on the floor that is sufficiently rigid and of a size to distribute the weight over a larger area than that on which the device normally stands.
Ground Protection: Where appropriate, it needs to be placed on a thick metal plate which is large enough to distribute the weight. If installing the device on top of combustible material e.g. a plank of wood, the device must be lifted up to allow air flow underneath or placed onto an additional mass or thick insulation.
Spacing between walls:The stove must be placed 15 cm minimum away from all walls. If there is less than 45 cm between the stove and nearest wall, it must be protected with fireproof insulation such as rockwool. It must not under any circumstances be in contact with combustible material.
Conduits:The smoke exhaust pipe must comply with current standards. These are basic standards and prevent fire from breaking out in the dwelling. There must be a safe distance of 30cm between any wall made of combustible material and a single-skin pipe. A double-skin pipe is to be used for going up inside the roofing and for outside (with a safe distance of 10 cm for it to go through the roofing). A build-up of heat must be avoided at all costs: the 10 cm collar which goes around the pipe where it goes through the roof should not be left unfilled. It will need to be filled with fire-retardant insulation. The temperature could rise sufficiently to catch fire in an empty space (especially if it is closed off from the outside).
Chimney Height: The layout will have an effect on air circulation. Obstructions which cause air disturbances should be avoided. The smoke exhaust pipe, in particular, must 40cm higher than the top of the roof. For flat roofs, it must be higher than 120 cm (in this case, it must be properly secured). According to standards, the pipe must also be higher than any obstruction which is less than 8m away (e.g. trees)
Choosing a place to put the stove:Where you put the stove will be often dictated by the possible paths in which the smoke ducts in the roof can take. Clearly, you need to take into consideration the layout of the room. Avoid raising the device up too much as the room should be heated at ground level. If it is placed next to a wall, you should not only pay attention to safe distances but also to the accessibility needed for drawing air in to light the fire and for cleaning out.
As part of the process of making the Poelito, you will need to make up concrete. Fire cement is corrosive to the skin and an irritant to the eyes and respiratory tracts: handle using gloves, wear goggles and an anti-dust mask.
You need to make two different mixesː
You can find details below on how to make it and what materials are needed.
Reference to this will be made at different times during this tutorial.
How to make up the refractory concrete
How to make up the dense refractory concrete
As with all binding agents which set hydraulically, losing moisture or drying out too quickly inhibits chemical reactions needed for it to set.
Scouring
It is better to scour down the drum before starting construction.In all cases, this should be done before lighting the first fire as this will blister the paintwork which is not designed for resisting high temperatures. The simplest way to scour it down is by using abrasive discs on a grinding machine. It is also possible to use a sander or attach a wire brush to a drill.
Cutting
Unless you have a drum with a detachable lid with strapping, you will need to cut the top off of the drum. The top of the drum is used as the cover for the stove once it has been finished. Avoid damaging it and choose the bottom of the drum (which is a complete unit) in preference to the top (which is where the bungs go). This means turning the drum upside down.
Using an angle-grinder and protective gear for hands, eyes and ears, cut just below the rim taking care to not cut the second layer of the metal sheet. That way, the lid can be replaced. A metal saw also works very well. Tip: Start with using an angle grinder (for easiness) and finish with the saw (for precision). Remember to protect the ground with tarpaulin as the remnants of liquid in the drum may leak out from the area you are cutting.
Cleaning
Now that the drum is opened up, it should be cleaned out as it will almost certainly still have remains of oil in it. Use sawdust or sand to get rid of the bulk of the residual oil content. Dispose of the contents as recommended (most likely as toxic waste, you will need to take to a waste disposal site)
Two diametrically opposite holes must be drilled in the drum allowing you to insert the pipes.The front tube (100/130/150 mm in diameter) is to be used as an air inlet and for ash removal.The back tube (80/100/130 mm in diameter) is to be used to connect the smoke exhaust pipe (the respective diameters of PITO model - 60/120/200)
The two tubes should be 6 cm from the bottom of the drum. This is the thickness of the base layer of concrete. When measuring, you need to take into consideration the rim that protrudes beyond the bottom of the drum (If you are filling to 6 cm from the bottom of inside the drum, you then need to add on the thickness of this rim which will be approximately 1.5 cm)
Ash tray side:
Smoke Exhaust side:
On the smoke exhaust side, attach a short sleeve with a female fitting in the same way. The female fitting is on the outside.
There is a risk that the moulds (which are to be made next) will be displaced when pouring the concrete. They should be secured down to ensure the dimensions are correct.
The wires need to point to the inside of drum.
This stopper allows you to shut off the ash tray and regulate primary air intake.
The system of controlling primary air (in the ash tray) should be rigorous and efficient.This allows you to control the power from combustion.
The bottom of the stove consists of 2 different layers: 3 cm insulating mix then 3cm dense mix. The purpose of this is to insulate the bottom of the barrel to protect the ground from heat.
Insulating Mix:
Tip: Once the mixture has started to set, scarify the surface of the concrete in order that the second layer sticks to it well.
Dense Mix:
You will need to make the moulds so that you can pour the refractory concrete. This is effectively making the conduits where heat and gases circulate. For this, you will need to make moulds for the different conduits using cardboard which then need be taken out after the concrete has been cast. They need to be made solid enough to withstand the pressure of the concrete but equally be easy as possible to take out once it has all dried.
The minimum thickness for the concrete must be 3 cm between the various components themselves and between the components and the barrel. There is a risk that the concrete might crack underneath making the stove not very durable.
There is also a danger of the smoke circulating poorly which means the stove will not work very effectively. That needs to be borne in mind when making the moulds, especially when they are positioned in the concrete when casting the mix .
Cutting
Assembly
Be careful to ensure the junctions are well covered so that the concrete does not soak into the tubes.
TIP: For connection with the ash tray or smoke exhaust, narrow the gaps with another bit of rigid cardboard. Remove a strip in order to reduce the diameter so that you can slot it into the cardboard mould.
TIP: Allow for a 2 cm margin in height so that you have something to get hold of when taking out the castings.
TIP: Once the manifold and the horizontal tube where the fire is lit has been completed (these are the hardest to remove), it is possible to cut them longitudinally into 2 or 3 pieces and put them back together. This will make it easier to remove.
Une fois les coffrages perdus en carton finis et enveloppés, il faut les placer dans le fût et les fixer.Commencer par l’évacuation des fumées :
Faire de même avec le coffrage du cendrier
Le retrait des coffrages peut se faire 12h après le coulage. C’est une étape assez fastidieuse.
Utiliser de l’alcool à bruler facilite la combustion des éléments à retirer, attention cependant à ne jamais mettre d’alcool sur le feu. Une fois le feu démarré, utiliser des petits bouts de bois secs pour continuer la combustion.
La longueur du conduit d'alimentation bois doit être ajustée pour que son extrémité supérieure traverse le couvercle et puisse recevoir un bouchon. Néanmoins il doit être le plus court possible, car l’effet de tirage qui se produit ici à l’allumage s’oppose à celui de la ligne d’évacuation. Plus il est court, plus c’est facile à allumer.
Pour le conduit d’alimentation il faut procéder de même manière que pour celui du cendrier sans ajouter d’entrée d’air :
Pour ajuster l'air secondaire il suffit de poser le couvercle entrouvert. En fonctionnement le couvercle ne sera jamais totalement fermé. A l’arrêt il est fermé, il évite que le poêle chaud continue d’aspirer de l’air dans la pièce, de le chauffer, et de l’évacuer dehors.
Le système marche d'autant mieux que le foyer est équipé d'une grille, avec l'air primaire arrivant dessous (sur le cendrier). Cela permet de réduire les braises au fur et à mesure que tu recharges.
Pour faire ce tube en béton il faut fabriquer un moule à l'aide de 2 tubes de carton placés l’un dans l’autre. Le diamètre du tube intérieur doit correspondre au coulage (100/100/80). Le tube extérieur doit avoir un diamètre d'environ 6cm de plus que celui de l’intérieur pour permettre d'avoir un tube d'épaisseur 3cm. Il devra être plus court que la cloche de 2 à 3 cm afin de laisser un espace sous la vitre pour la circulation des fumées.
ASTUCE : Si vous n’avez pas de tube en carton du bon diamètre vous pouvez les réaliser en roulant du carton sur lui-même. Roulez-le en ayant les « veines » du carton dans la hauteur.
ALTERNATIVE : Pour les Pito 60, il est possible de faire un coffrage en mélange isolant ou sinon découper un tube dans du métal épais, par exemple dans un extincteur (pas en aluminium) car l’espace est très étroit.
La cloche doit faire le tour de l'ensemble du tube de remontée des flammes et des deux tubes d'aspiration des fumées. Il faut essayer de faire la cloche la plus petite possible pour pouvoir mettre un maximum de sable autour.
Mise en forme
Attention : Éviter de lui donner une forme de haricot car elle risque de se déformer dans le temps. Avec les cycles de chauffe et refroidissement, le sable se compacte et exerce une forte pression sur les éléments métalliques. La cloche peut alors être comprimée et se déformer si sa forme n’est pas simplement ovale.
Si la cloche est trop grande il faut la rétreindre (découper et visser) pour l’ajuster aux éléments.
Ajustement en hauteur
La vitre doit recouvrir toute la cloche. Avant de la faire découper, vérifiez les cotes sur votre poelito, il est important de s’assurer que le patron soit de la bonne taille.
Ce doit être un verre vitrocéramique, qui résiste aux hautes températures. Voir Etape n°1 - Approvisionnement matériel
Si vous l’achetez dans un magasin de bricolage (400 – 700 €/m²) faites la découper sur place.
(PATRONS)
Le couvercle ferme le haut du poelito, il n’a pas de rôle particulier dans le système.
La construction du poêle est terminée, avant de l’installer dans son futur habitat, il mérite un coup de peinture.
La construction du Poelito est terminée! il est l'heure de le sortir de l'atelier pour lui trouver une place à long terme pour en profiter durant les longues soirées d'hiver.
Attention à bien respecter les règles de sécurité rappelée dans l'Etape n°4
Une fois l’appareil installé au bon endroit, sur un socle approprié, avec son tuyau installé, il faut commencer par mettre en place la cloche et le conduit d’alimentation.
Mortier d'argile : terre argileuse (qui colle) et du sable en proportions variables. Généralement 1 argile pour 3 à 5 sable, avec ce qu’il faut d’eau pour en faire des boules qui se tienne et qui collent. Si pour un enduit ou de la maçonnerie il vaut mieux s’assurer d’avoir les proportions idéales, ici ça n’a aucune importance.
Poser la vitre sur la cloche sans joint.
Il faut du bois très sec sans quoi le poêle chauffera mal et s’encrassera. Il faut 2 types de combustibles :
Si les 10 à 15 cm de section du conduit d’alimentation (selon le modèle) sont remplis avec une seule grosse bûche ça ne brûlera pas bien du tout ! Il faut des diamètres variés et complémentaires afin de bien remplir le conduit. Le bois tordu empêche un bon remplissage, il faut donc s’arranger pour recouper les branches là où elles sont tordues, quitte à avoir des longueurs différentes. Sinon toute essence fera l’affaire, à condition que le bois soit bien sec.
Placer dans le conduit d’alimentation, depuis l’ouverture supérieure, dans cet ordre-là :
==== Chargement ==== Dès que la charge de préchauffage est bien allumée, ajouter par-dessus, sans tasser, suffisamment de bois pour remplir l’intégralité de la section d’alimentation. C’est une condition importante pour que le bois brûle correctement : la combustion est meilleure si tu remplis toute la section. Le feu se développe d'avantage dans la zone de flamme, et moins dans le conduit d'alimentation.
Attention à ne pas trop serrer le bois qui doit pouvoir descendre naturellement au fur et à mesure qu’il brûle.
Vérifier de temps en temps que le bois brûle seulement en partie inférieure et ne se bloque pas. Secoue ton bois pour l’aider à descendre au besoin. Réglage du tirage : il faut conserver une petite ouverture sur le cendrier pour éviter l’accumulation de braises. Si cette ouverture est trop grande le feu peut s’emballer jusqu’à remonter et fumer par en haut. L’essentiel de l’air doit arriver par le haut du conduit d’alimentation : la réduire de moitié au maximum mais jamais d’avantage !
Si la vitre noircit 3 possibilités : le bois n’est pas sec, le régime de combustion est trop intense (trop d’air au cendrier), l’arrivée d’air par en haut est trop faible.
<u>ATTENTION : </u> Pendant la flambée, l’appareil demande peu de surveillance et d’entretien. Mais avec du bois très long la combustion peut remonter le conduit d’alimentation et s’emballer, surtout avec du résineux (palette). Si c’est le cas, vaporiser un peu d’eau dans le conduit d’alimentation pour le refroidir.
Le seul entretient à effectuer régulièrement est le vidage des cendres. Si le niveau de cendres est trop important une accumulation de braises va se produire, jusqu’à boucher le départ latéral vers la zone de flammes : c’est l’arrêt d’urgence assuré, après un bon enfumage !
Entretient annuel La loi oblige tout utilisateur de poêle à bois à ramoner le conduit d’évacuation des fumées 2 fois par an dont une fois en période de chauffe. Pour ramoner le conduit glisse un hérisson nylon de diamètre approprié par le tampon de ramonage. Va jusqu’en haut puis redescend. Si tu fais ça dans un poêle encore chaud le tirage va inciter les poussières à sortir par en haut plutôt qu’à sortir vers l’habitat. Il est aussi important de vider le dépôt de cendres qui va se produire en pied de circuit de flamme et surtout au fond du collecteur de fumées. C'est l’endroit préféré des cendres volantes pour se déposer, d'où l'utilité des trappes de ramonage en face du collecteur.
Retrouvez tout et même plus encore sur le site de l'association des2mains :
* https://sites.google.com/site/assodes2mains/poele/le-poelito
* https://drive.google.com/file/d/1SDJ3YHpDVMU-OoX5gND9xs4qdx8HZaNJ/view?usp=sharing
plein d'autres informations sur l'usage du poelito et d'autres solutions sur le site de David :
* http://david.mercereau.info/
et
* https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C3%AAle_de_masse_rocket
* https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C3%AAle_de_masse
Published
Vous avez entré un nom de page invalide, avec un ou plusieurs caractères suivants :
< > @ ~ : * € £ ` + = / \ | [ ] { } ; ? #