L'éolienne/en

Low-tech Lab

https://wiki.lowtechlab.org/wiki/L%27%C3%A9olienne/en

Dernière modification le 19/02/2018

Difficulté

Medium Moyen

Durée

1 day(s) jour(s)

Coût

10 EUR (€)

Description

Build a wind turbine from printer stepper engine

Sommaire

énergie, électricité, nomade, USB, générateur, continu, en fr 1

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Introduction

"In Africa, 600 million people in rural areas don't have access to electricity."

CONTEXT :

Access to energy, and especially access to electricity, is a prerequisite for the economic and health development of a country. While global energy consumption has almost doubled since the 1970s, the share of poor countries has steadily increased. Today, it is estimated that 2 billion people do not have sufficient access to energy to live in acceptable conditions, and 1.6 billion people do not have access to electricity at all. This has dramatic health and environmental consequences. Renewable energies such as wind could be a solution: A wind turbine converts the kinetic energy of the wind into electrical energy.

THE INDUSTRIAL WIND TURBINE :

A 2-megawatt industrial wind turbine produces approximately 4400 megawatts / hour annually, which represents the power consumption of about 2,000 people. Industrial wind turbines are filled with sensors, moving parts, regulators and mechanical parts of all kinds. They are complex in manufacturing and their environmental impact on construction is far from neutral. Moreover it is not possible today to repair these wind turbines with local means.

THE LOW-TECH WIND TURBINE :

Easily build a low-tech wind turbine from recycled materials for less than 10 € is possible! Lower in power than industrial wind turbines, it can be used for local applications: charging a phone, lighting LEDs, operating a small pump ... For such applications, a few watts are enough.

This wind turbine can therefore be very useful for remote areas with no access to grid electricity and that benefit from favorable winds. In Senegal, for example, only 40% of the population is connected to the electricity grid in urban areas and only 10% in rural areas. The possibility for people to be able to generate electricity from a self-built wind turbine would be a great opportunity.

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Matériaux

Wind turbine :

1 - A wooden board (at least 10 mm thick)

2 - A flat iron plate (at least 2 mm thick)

3 - A printer stepper motor (with its connection pin)

4 - A PVC tube (55 mm < diameter < 100 mm and at least 3 mm thick)

5 - A bicycle inner tube

6 - Wood screws

Electric circuit:

3 - The printer stepper motor

8 - A plastic support to accommodate the various elements of the system (recoverable on a flat part of the printer case)

9 - Two voltage rectifiers or diode bridge ^W

10 - A 1000μF 16V capacitor ^W

11 - A voltage regulator ^W LM7805 to set the voltage to 5V, we can also use the LM7812 to set the voltage to 12V

11' - Instead of the voltage regulator you can use a voltage booster or DC / DC Booster or Step Up which will provide an output voltage of 5V (USB) with an input voltage ranging from 0.9 to 5V .

12 - A USB connector

13 - Tin for soldering

14 - Electric wire

Find the 3D model of this wind turbine by following this link

Outils

Wind turbine:

a - A vice

b - Wood and metal saw

c - Ruler

d - Screwdriver

e - Voltmeter

f - Alligator clips

Electric circuit:

g - Cutting pliers

h - Soldering iron

Étape 1 - How it works

This tutorial shows how to make a small wind turbine from old stepper engine from printers or copiers. It will allow for example to recharge a mobile phone.

1 - The rotation of the blades

Under the effect of the wind, the propeller, also called rotor, starts up. His blades turn.

The 4 blade rotor is placed at the top of a mast to take more wind.

2 - Electricity generation

The propeller drives a printer stepper motor.

Thanks to the energy provided by the rotation of the blades, the stepper motor produces an alternating electric current.

3 - The electric circuit

The circuit "treats" the output current of the motor, so that it can be used to charge a phone, or other device from a USB port.

It is made of :

- Rectifiers that "straighten" the voltage at the output of the motor to have a continuous current.

- A capacitor to redistribute electricity constantly, because the wind provides a non-continuous energy.

- A voltage regulator that limits the voltage of the electric current produced by the motor to the desired voltage, here 5V.

The wind turbine requires a minimum wind speed of about 10 to 15 km / h to start its rotation.

Étape 2 - Manufacturing steps

The wind turbine

1 - Motor preparation

2 - Motor axis

3 - Blades preparation

4 - Aileron and base of the blades

5 - Assembly

The electric circuit

1 - Rectifiers

2 - Capacitors

3 - Voltage regulator

4 - USB port connection

Motor protection

Étape 3 - The wind turbine - Motor preparation

1 - Cut the 6 wires coming out of the stepping motor, strip them and twist them.

De manière générale, plus le moteur a de pas (steps en anglais), moins la vitesse de rotation sera élevée à tension constante. Les caractéristiques techniques importantes dans le choix du moteur sont : - La tension maximale ou nominale (mesurée en volts) : Vmax - Le courant par phase (mesuré en ampères / phase) : A/ph - Le nombre de pas ou l'angle de pas (mesuré en °)

Par exemple, un moteur pas-à-pas dont l'angle est de 3.6° aura 360/3.6 = 100 pas, un moteur à 1.8° aura 360/1.8 : 200 pas... Si vous deviez choisir entre deux moteurs aux caractéristiques (Vmax et A/ph) identiques, préférez le moteur avec le plus grand nombre de pas (ici le moteur à 1.8° puisqu'il a 200 pas), il nécessitera une vitesse de rotation moins importante pour délivrer une tension satisfaisante.

Le choix du moteur sera aussi conditionné par la tension maximale (Vmax). Un moteur caractérisé à 3V délivrera une puissance nettement inférieure à un moteur caractérisé à 50V à vitesse de rotation égale. Choisissez votre moteur (dans la limite du choix disponible) en fonction de l'application souhaitée et de la puissance demandée.

1 - Couper les 6 fils sortant du moteur pas à pas, les dénuder et les torsader.

From here, two possible methods :

Method #1

In order to know which of the 6 wires has the highest output voltage, you should test all possible motor output pairs, and select the two highest ones.

2 - Using a screwdriver, an "alternating" voltmeter and crocodile clips, test the pairs of wires. Record the voltage for each of the pairs. (image 1)

3 - Select the two wire pairs with the highest output voltage (here 10V, this may vary depending on the motor). They are the ones who will then be connected to the electric circuit of the wind turbine.

* Tip: Mark with a colored tape the two useful pairs to no longer mix them with others.

Method #2

In fact the stepper motors are schematically constituted of two or four coils:

(image 2)

As shown in the picture, in the case of a 6-wire motor we will not use the midpoint. In fact, we are going to combine two coils to make one and generate more tension.

From here it's very simple :

1) Place your multimeter in ohmmeter mode, or even better in contact detection mode (you know, it makes this "BBIIIIPPPPP !!" noise when the two probes are touching).

2) First of all separate the two sets of wire for each of the coils.

For a 4-wire motor it's very simple: you take a wire on a probe, and with the other probe you touch the other wires. The one for which the meter does "BBBIIIIIPPPPP !!!" or for which the measured resistance becomes low (it depends on the motor but a wide range would be 1 to 50 ohms) you are good, you have found your coil and by elimination the two remaining wires are for the other coil.

For a 6-wire it's hardly more complex: we apply the same method to determine sets of 3 wires per coil. Then we go into ohmmeter mode and look which pair of wires per coil gives the greatest resistance ==> bingo you found the right wires for one coil, repeat the operation for the other and you are good !

Note: there are also 8-wire motors. In fact it's a 6-wire (so 4 coils) but with 4 independent coils (so pretty much like a 4-wire...). Use the same method as the 4-wire, but more times.

Étape 4 - The wind turbine - Motor axis

1 - Cut out a metal plate of 80x30 cm. Drill 5 holes of diameter 4.

* Tip: You can get help from diagram 1 above to cut and drill the plate.

2 - Weld the metal plate to the motor axis at the plate's center hole. (image 2)

Étape 5 - The wind turbine - Blades prep

From the formula connecting the wind speed, a given surface and the power of the wind on this surface:

We can establish this formula, allowing us to calculate the length of the blades:

Where :

• L = length of the blade in m
• P = characteristic power of the motor in W
• V = wind speed in m / s (depending on the location)

Usually, the blade length must be 35 cm.

1 - Draw and cut the blades in a PVC tube. (image 3)

* Tip: You can get help from diagram 2 above to draw the shape of the blades.

Figure 3 shows the direction of the cut.

2 - Sand the edges of each blade: the leading edge must be rounded, and the trailing edge sharpened.

3 - Drill the blades: the drilling is done closer to the trailing edge so that it can be fixed flat on the plate that carries the blades. (Image 4)

Your blades are ready !

Étape 6 - The wind turbine - Aileron and base of the blades

1 - In a wooden board, draw and cut the aileron. (picture 5)

* Hint: You can get help from diagram 3 above to draw the shape of the aileron.

2 - In this same board cut a square the size of your engine (here 80x80cm) which will be used to accommodate the previously cut blades and join them together. (diagram 3 - base of the baldes)

3 - On the aileron, mark the location of the engine so that it can fit into the shape. (diagram 3 - engine)

* Note: The dimensions of this part depend on the size of your engine.

4 - Sand the edges of the aileron for better aerodynamics and better rendering. (picture 5)

Étape 7 - The wind turbine - Assembly

1 - Screw the blades (step 3) to their base (step 4).

2 - Screw the base of the blades onto the metal plate. Use the holes drilled in the metal plate in step 2. (image 6)

3 - Check that the angles between each blades are even.

Étape 8 - The electric circuit - Rectifiers

The electric circuit is shown in figure 4.

At the output of the motor, alternating current is obtained. However, to charge a battery or turn on a lamp, it is necessary to have direct current. To convert AC to DC, two rectifiers are used: they "straighten" the voltage at the output of the motor.

Each rectifier has 4 legs: The two central legs are the alternating poles of the capacitor The two outer legs are the positive and negative poles of the capacitor

* Hint : each one of these poles are marked on the rectifier's head.

1 - Solder the voltage outputs of the stepper motor (previously selected) to the alternating inputs of each rectifier: the first pair with the alternating poles of the first rectifier, and the second pair with the alternating poles of the second rectifier. (picture 7)

*Tip: It is possible to use heat-shrink tubing to cover the connections to protect the system.

2 - Weld the negative outputs of the two rectifiers together, then weld the positive outputs of the two rectifiers together. (picture 8)

Étape 9 - The electric circuit - Capacitor

The energy supplied by the wind turbine is not constant because the wind speed varies constantly. It is therefore necessary temporarily to store the overload in order to be able to redistribute it constantly. For this purpose a capacitor is used.

The capacitor is a polarized component: - the positive pin is the longest leg - the negative pin is the shortest leg

* Tip: It is also possible to refer to the symbol "-" written on the negative pin.

1 - Solder the negative poles to each other and then the positive poles to each other at the rectifier output. (picture 9)

* Tip: If the legs of your different components are too short to weld together, you can connect them using electrical wires.

Étape 10 - The electric circuit - Voltage Regulator or Voltage Booster

The voltage regulator allows a 5V output current.

* Note: Each controller is different, if you want a 12V output, for example, buy your controller accordingly. Here to connect a USB port we will take a 5V controller.

The voltage regulator has 3 different rods: - 1 input - 1 common - 1 output

1 - Solder the negative pole of the capacitor with the common rod of the voltage regulator. Solder the positive pole of the capacitor to the input of the voltage regulator. (picture 10)

Alternative: Use a voltage booster that will provide an output voltage of 5V (USB) with an input voltage ranging from 0.9 to 5V.

Étape 11 - The electric circuit - USB port connection

When you place your connector on a table with the plastic strip facing up, the right tab is your positive terminal, and the left tab is your negative terminal.

1 - Solder a red wire to the positive terminal and a black wire to the negative terminal. These will be the output wires of your wind turbine, to which you can connect a battery, a bulb, etc., and in this case a USB port. (image 11)

2 - Solder the red wire with the regulator output and the black wire with the controller common. (picture 12)

Your circuit is ready to run you can connect a phone, provided there is wind of course. (image 13)

Étape 12 - Motor protection

Cover the engine and the electrical circuit with the bike inner tube: this will protect them from rain or spray. (picture 14)

Étape 13 - Use

Connect a mobile phone or other device with a USB connection to the electrical circuit and let it charge for a few hours. In average wind, count 5 hours of charge for a phone battery.

Notes et références

Feel free to comment, share, and enhance the tutorial useful informations.

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