- Mechanical trap : Suspended matters and pathogens are physically blocked in spaces between the grains of sand.
- Predation : Pathogens are eaten by other micro-organisms in the biological layer.
- Adsorption : Pathogens are attached one to another, to suspended matters and to the grains of sand.
- Natural death : Pathogens die or end their life cycle, because there is not enough food or oxygen for their survival.
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